{"id":9291,"date":"2026-01-15T10:35:56","date_gmt":"2026-01-15T09:35:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b0%d8%a7-%d9%84%d8%a7-%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%ac%d8%b2-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%85%d9%8b%d8%a7-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a6%d9%8b%d8%a7-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86\/"},"modified":"2026-04-13T17:06:22","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T15:06:22","slug":"%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b0%d8%a7-%d9%84%d8%a7-%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%ac%d8%b2-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%85%d9%8b%d8%a7-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a6%d9%8b%d8%a7-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b0%d8%a7-%d9%84%d8%a7-%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%ac%d8%b2-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%85%d9%8b%d8%a7-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a6%d9%8b%d8%a7-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649<\/strong>.<\/p><p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632\u060c <strong>\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/strong>.<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-6814\" src=\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Image-4-5.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" \/><\/p><p><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a<\/strong><\/p><p>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 <strong>\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f<\/strong>. \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2011\u060c \u062c\u0639\u0644 <strong>\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/strong>. \u0625\u0646 <strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0628\u0631 <strong>\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 <strong>\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63eb571 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"63eb571\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-969dde5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"969dde5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<blockquote><span style=\"color: #004793;\"><span style=\"color: #004793;\"><b><strong>\u0647\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a &#8211; \u0623<\/strong><\/b>\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 MASE (LR21ES21)\u060c ESSAI <strong>\u060c <\/strong>\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0627\u062c<b><strong><br \/><\/strong><\/b><b><strong>\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a &#8211; <\/strong><\/b>\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<strong>\u060c <\/strong>\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0627\u062c<\/span><\/span><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3943936 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3943936\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d631a5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-cta-box\" data-id=\"d631a5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-cta-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-call-to-action cta-icon-flex bg-lite cta-preset-1\">\n\t    <div class=\"icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-file-pdf\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M369.9 97.9L286 14C277 5 264.8-.1 252.1-.1H48C21.5 0 0 21.5 0 48v416c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h288c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V131.9c0-12.7-5.1-25-14.1-34zM332.1 128H256V51.9l76.1 76.1zM48 464V48h160v104c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h104v288H48zm250.2-143.7c-12.2-12-47-8.7-64.4-6.5-17.2-10.5-28.7-25-36.8-46.3 3.9-16.1 10.1-40.6 5.4-56-4.2-26.2-37.8-23.6-42.6-5.9-4.4 16.1-.4 38.5 7 67.1-10 23.9-24.9 56-35.4 74.4-20 10.3-47 26.2-51 46.2-3.3 15.8 26 55.2 76.1-31.2 22.4-7.4 46.8-16.5 68.4-20.1 18.9 10.2 41 17 55.8 17 25.5 0 28-28.2 17.5-38.7zm-198.1 77.8c5.1-13.7 24.5-29.5 30.4-35-19 30.3-30.4 35.7-30.4 35zm81.6-190.6c7.4 0 6.7 32.1 1.8 40.8-4.4-13.9-4.3-40.8-1.8-40.8zm-24.4 136.6c9.7-16.9 18-37 24.7-54.7 8.3 15.1 18.9 27.2 30.1 35.5-20.8 4.3-38.9 13.1-54.8 19.2zm131.6-5s-5 6-37.3-7.8c35.1-2.6 40.9 5.4 37.3 7.8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t    <\/div>\n\t    <div class=\"content\">\n            <h2 class=\"title\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/h2><p>\u201c<em>Analysis of Sustainability of Fiscal Policy and Democratic Transition : Case of Tunisia\u201d<\/em>- Journal of the Knowledge Economy, vol. 11, pp. 512-529.<\/p>\t    <\/div>\n\t    <div class=\"action\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Gouasmi-and-Haffoudhi.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"cta-button  \">Lire<\/a>\t    <\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0646. \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 2011. \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\u061f \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u061f \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 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