{"id":9218,"date":"2026-01-12T12:25:07","date_gmt":"2026-01-12T11:25:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ab%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ac%d9%86%d8%a8%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b4%d8%b1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85\/"},"modified":"2026-04-13T00:51:11","modified_gmt":"2026-04-12T22:51:11","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ab%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ac%d9%86%d8%a8%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b4%d8%b1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ab%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ac%d9%86%d8%a8%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b4%d8%b1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u062c\u062d\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0642\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u061f<\/strong><\/p><p>\u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0645\u062d \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647.<\/p><p>\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1980 \u06482012 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629: \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 2006 (\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 9% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a) \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 2008 (6.2%)\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2008\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 2011\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 2% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p><p>\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633.<\/p><p><strong>\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0641\u062a\u062d\u2026 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0634\u064b\u0627<\/strong><\/p><p>\u0645\u0646\u0630 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\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1995. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 100% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f.<\/p><p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0623\u062b\u0631 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\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 8% \u0633\u0646\u0629 1990. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631.<\/p><p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a: \u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631<\/strong><\/p><p>\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0628 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a<\/strong>. \u0641\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629\u2026 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2011\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u201c\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0629\u201d \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 Freedom House. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 7 \u0625\u0644\u0649 3 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u064a\u062b 1 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 5 \u0625\u0644\u0649 4. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-6712\" src=\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/cache_660x660_Analog_medium_19543730_268407_02122025.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"660\" height=\"439\" \/><\/p><p><strong>\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a: \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627<\/strong><\/p><p>\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0630\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 <strong>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 25% \u0633\u0646\u0629 1980 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 90% \u0633\u0646\u0629 2012\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p><p>\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629: \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633. \u0644\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/p><p><strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-6709\" src=\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Image4-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1386\" height=\"613\" \/><\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/strong><\/p><p>\u062c\u0630\u0628 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631<\/strong><strong> (IDE)<\/strong> \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646:<\/p><ul><li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/strong> \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/li><li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a<\/strong> \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/li><li><strong>\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f85a46b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f85a46b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6438c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e6438c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<blockquote><div style=\"font-size: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span data-olk-copy-source=\"MessageBody\"><strong><b>\u00a0\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0642- <\/b><\/strong><\/span><\/span>\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div><div style=\"font-size: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span data-olk-copy-source=\"MessageBody\"><strong><b>\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a- <\/b><\/strong><\/span><\/span>\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<span data-olk-copy-source=\"MessageBody\"><strong><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span data-olk-copy-source=\"MessageBody\"><strong><b><br \/><\/b><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span data-olk-copy-source=\"MessageBody\"><strong><b>\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0629 &#8211;<\/b><\/strong><\/span><\/span> \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span data-olk-copy-source=\"MessageBody\"><strong><b>\u060c <\/b><\/strong><\/span><\/span>DEFI ESSECT<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div><div style=\"font-size: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span data-olk-copy-source=\"MessageBody\"><strong><b>\u0647\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a &#8211;<\/b><\/strong><\/span><\/span> \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div><\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e74543 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6e74543\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ad2d3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-cta-box\" data-id=\"4ad2d3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-cta-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-call-to-action cta-icon-flex bg-lite cta-preset-1\">\n\t    <div 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class=\"content\">\n            <h2 class=\"title\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629:<\/h2><p><em>\"Determinants of foreign direct investment in <br \/>Tunisia: Empirical assessment based on an application of the autoregressive distributed Lag model\" - Economics, Management and Sustainability, 2(1), 43-59.- doi:10.14254\/jems.2017.2-1.4. <\/em><\/p>\t    <\/div>\n\t    <div class=\"action\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IDE_Nadia-Zrelli-5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"cta-button  \">Lire<\/a>\t    <\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0639\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u062c\u062d\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0642\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u061f \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c 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