{"id":9198,"date":"2026-01-12T11:03:27","date_gmt":"2026-01-12T10:03:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/"},"modified":"2026-04-13T00:21:55","modified_gmt":"2026-04-12T22:21:55","slug":"%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644: \u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"9198\" class=\"elementor elementor-9198\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-145fe157 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"145fe157\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50db3da0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"50db3da0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u061f \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a 16 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/p><p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u064a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f.<\/p><p>\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u064b\u0627: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u061f<\/p><p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629: \u062a\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a.<\/p><p>\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 16 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 2001-2007\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641: \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 (\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f) \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 <strong>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong><strong> (Data Envelopment Analysis &#8211; DEA)<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644.<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-6688\" src=\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"664\" height=\"443\" \/><\/p><p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0646\u061f<\/strong><\/p><p>\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637: \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u061f \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u061f<\/p><p>\u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a:<\/p><ul><li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/strong>\u060c<\/li><li><strong>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u060c<\/li><li><strong>\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644. \u0641\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/strong> \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629: \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0632 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0644.<\/p><p>\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0646 <strong>25\u066a <\/strong><strong>\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 36\u066a<\/strong> \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 2001 \u06482007. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u062c\u0639\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p><p><strong>\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644<\/strong><\/p><p>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631:<\/p><ul><li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627<\/strong>\u060c<\/li><li><strong>\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u060c<\/li><li><strong>\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a (\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628)<\/strong>\u060c<\/li><li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628)<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u062a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629: <strong>\u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f<\/strong> \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u06401\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/strong> \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a\u061f \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644:<\/p><ul><li><strong>\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/strong>: \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 5 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 100 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 10 \u0625\u0644\u0649 11 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627.<\/li><li><strong>\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 1\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 10\u066a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/li><li><strong>\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/strong>: \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2007\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0649 18\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 30\u066a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627.<\/li><\/ul><p><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-6686\" src=\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Image1-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1386\" height=\"924\" \/><\/p><p><strong>\u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629\u061f<\/strong><\/p><p>\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644. \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/p><p>\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637:<\/p><ol><li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0648\u0646 (\u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646)<\/strong>: \u064a\u0646\u062c\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li><li><strong>\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 (\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631)<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629.<\/li><li><strong>\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u064b\u0627 (\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646)<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d <strong>\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-6685\" src=\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Image-4-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"756\" height=\"499\" \/><\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647<\/strong><\/p><p>\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629. \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628:<\/p><ul><li><strong>\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629<\/strong> (\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u0635\u0635\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629) &#8230;\u060c<\/li><li><strong>\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/strong> (\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628)\u060c<\/li><li><strong>\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 <strong>\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629.<\/p><p><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p><p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629: \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629. \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627:<\/p><ul><li><strong>\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629 <\/strong>(\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u0635\u0635\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629) &#8230;\u060c<\/li><li><strong>\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a<\/strong>\u060c<\/li><li><strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c <strong>\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644<\/strong>. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 <strong>\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47d4da9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"47d4da9\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfdcc63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bfdcc63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<blockquote><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #004793;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span data-olk-copy-source=\"MessageBody\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px; font-weight: bold;\"><em>\u00a0\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0629 &#8211; <\/em><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 23px;\"><em>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><br \/><i><\/i><\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709428d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709428d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e763c5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-cta-box\" data-id=\"e763c5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-cta-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-call-to-action cta-icon-flex bg-lite cta-preset-1\">\n\t    <div class=\"icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-file-pdf\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M369.9 97.9L286 14C277 5 264.8-.1 252.1-.1H48C21.5 0 0 21.5 0 48v416c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h288c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V131.9c0-12.7-5.1-25-14.1-34zM332.1 128H256V51.9l76.1 76.1zM48 464V48h160v104c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h104v288H48zm250.2-143.7c-12.2-12-47-8.7-64.4-6.5-17.2-10.5-28.7-25-36.8-46.3 3.9-16.1 10.1-40.6 5.4-56-4.2-26.2-37.8-23.6-42.6-5.9-4.4 16.1-.4 38.5 7 67.1-10 23.9-24.9 56-35.4 74.4-20 10.3-47 26.2-51 46.2-3.3 15.8 26 55.2 76.1-31.2 22.4-7.4 46.8-16.5 68.4-20.1 18.9 10.2 41 17 55.8 17 25.5 0 28-28.2 17.5-38.7zm-198.1 77.8c5.1-13.7 24.5-29.5 30.4-35-19 30.3-30.4 35.7-30.4 35zm81.6-190.6c7.4 0 6.7 32.1 1.8 40.8-4.4-13.9-4.3-40.8-1.8-40.8zm-24.4 136.6c9.7-16.9 18-37 24.7-54.7 8.3 15.1 18.9 27.2 30.1 35.5-20.8 4.3-38.9 13.1-54.8 19.2zm131.6-5s-5 6-37.3-7.8c35.1-2.6 40.9 5.4 37.3 7.8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t    <\/div>\n\t    <div class=\"content\">\n            <h2 class=\"title\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/h2><p><strong>\u201c<\/strong>Efficiency and Quality in Higher Education-A Dynamic Analysis\u201d- Research in Applied Economics- ISSN 1948-5433 <br \/>2013, Vol. 5, No. 4.\u00a0<\/p>\t    <\/div>\n\t    <div class=\"action\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Efficiency-and-Quality-in-Higher-Education-nadia-zrelli-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"cta-button  \">Lire<\/a>\t    <\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u061f \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a 16 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9202,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1088],"tags":[1383],"ppma_author":[1082],"class_list":{"0":"post-9198","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-1088","8":"tag-enseignement-superieur-qualite-de-la-formation-massification-universitaire-efficacite-publique-politiques-educatives"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.3.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644: \u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 - Ecotous<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645-\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c-\u0644\u0643\u0646-\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644-\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644-\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646-\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0641-\u0628\u0627\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644: \u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 - Ecotous\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u061f \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a 16 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645-\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c-\u0644\u0643\u0646-\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644-\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644-\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646-\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0641-\u0628\u0627\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Ecotous\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-01-12T10:03:27+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-04-12T22:21:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/COuv.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"960\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"595\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Nadia Zrelli Ben Hamida\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Ecotous\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Ecotous\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#\/schema\/person\/de0222dcb2e78b94775553548aa3f92a\"},\"headline\":\"\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644: \u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-01-12T10:03:27+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-04-12T22:21:55+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/\"},\"wordCount\":26,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/COuv.jpeg\",\"keywords\":[\"Enseignement sup\u00e9rieur ; Qualit\u00e9 de la formation ; Massification universitaire ; Efficacit\u00e9 publique ; Politiques \u00e9ducatives\"],\"articleSection\":[\"\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629\"],\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/\",\"name\":\"\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644: \u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 - Ecotous\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/COuv.jpeg\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-01-12T10:03:27+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-04-12T22:21:55+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/COuv.jpeg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/COuv.jpeg\",\"width\":960,\"height\":595},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Accueil\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644: \u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/\",\"name\":\"Ecotous\",\"description\":\"La recherche \u00e9conomique \u00e0 la port\u00e9e de tous\u200b\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"ar\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Ecotous\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/7d52d007-peny-grow-logo.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/7d52d007-peny-grow-logo.png\",\"width\":296,\"height\":60,\"caption\":\"Ecotous\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#\/schema\/person\/de0222dcb2e78b94775553548aa3f92a\",\"name\":\"Ecotous\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/dd281a0aaad48d854ca056f1a6e11623\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/489634219_122122579514784455_22524703404732112_n.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/489634219_122122579514784455_22524703404732112_n.jpg\",\"caption\":\"Ecotous\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/membres\/ecotous\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644: \u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 - Ecotous","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645-\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c-\u0644\u0643\u0646-\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644-\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644-\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646-\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0641-\u0628\u0627\/","og_locale":"ar_AR","og_type":"article","og_title":"\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644: \u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 - Ecotous","og_description":"\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u061f \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a 16 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645-\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c-\u0644\u0643\u0646-\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644-\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644-\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646-\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0641-\u0628\u0627\/","og_site_name":"Ecotous","article_published_time":"2026-01-12T10:03:27+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-04-12T22:21:55+00:00","og_image":[{"width":960,"height":595,"url":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/COuv.jpeg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Nadia Zrelli Ben Hamida","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"\u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629":"Ecotous","\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631":"5 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/"},"author":{"name":"Ecotous","@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#\/schema\/person\/de0222dcb2e78b94775553548aa3f92a"},"headline":"\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644: \u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637","datePublished":"2026-01-12T10:03:27+00:00","dateModified":"2026-04-12T22:21:55+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/"},"wordCount":26,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/COuv.jpeg","keywords":["Enseignement sup\u00e9rieur ; Qualit\u00e9 de la formation ; Massification universitaire ; Efficacit\u00e9 publique ; Politiques \u00e9ducatives"],"articleSection":["\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629"],"inLanguage":"ar","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/","url":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/","name":"\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644: \u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 - Ecotous","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/COuv.jpeg","datePublished":"2026-01-12T10:03:27+00:00","dateModified":"2026-04-12T22:21:55+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"ar","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ar","@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/COuv.jpeg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/COuv.jpeg","width":960,"height":595},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%d8%a7\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Accueil","item":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644: \u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#website","url":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/","name":"Ecotous","description":"La recherche \u00e9conomique \u00e0 la port\u00e9e de tous\u200b","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"ar"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#organization","name":"Ecotous","url":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ar","@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/7d52d007-peny-grow-logo.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/7d52d007-peny-grow-logo.png","width":296,"height":60,"caption":"Ecotous"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#\/schema\/person\/de0222dcb2e78b94775553548aa3f92a","name":"Ecotous","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ar","@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/dd281a0aaad48d854ca056f1a6e11623","url":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/489634219_122122579514784455_22524703404732112_n.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/489634219_122122579514784455_22524703404732112_n.jpg","caption":"Ecotous"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/ecotous.tn"],"url":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/membres\/ecotous\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":1082,"user_id":0,"is_guest":1,"slug":"nadia-zrelli-ben-hamida","display_name":"Nadia Zrelli Ben Hamida","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/?s=96&d=mm&r=g","author_category":"","first_name":"","last_name":"","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9198","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9198"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9198\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9208,"href":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9198\/revisions\/9208"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9202"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9198"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9198"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9198"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=9198"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}