{"id":10038,"date":"2026-03-07T20:12:47","date_gmt":"2026-03-07T19:12:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/"},"modified":"2026-05-01T19:26:10","modified_gmt":"2026-05-01T17:26:10","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629\u061f"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10038\" class=\"elementor elementor-10038\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-545b3c36 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"545b3c36\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4759f039 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4759f039\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062f-19 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629\u061f \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627: \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u00bb \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/p><p>\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631. \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644: \u0647\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u061f<\/p><p>\u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0648\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: <em>\u201c<\/em><em>\u0647\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062f-19\u061f \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/em><em>\u201d<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 <strong>Mondes en D\u00e9veloppement<\/strong> (\u0639\u062f\u062f 53\u060c 2025\/1)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7272\" src=\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Image2-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"867\" height=\"487\" \/><\/p><p><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p><p>\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062f-19\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0634\u0651\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0647\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637.<\/p><p>\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645.<\/p><p><strong>\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/p><p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u00bb \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f \u064a\u062e\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 2021\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p><ul><li>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631.<\/li><li>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645.<\/li><li>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637.<\/li><li>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637.<\/p><p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062d\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644.<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7273\" src=\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Image3-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"902\" height=\"501\" \/><\/p><p><strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641: \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p><p>\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0626 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0638\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0623\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c.<\/p><p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0644\u062c\u0623\u062a \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0651\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/p><p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.<\/p><p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0632\u0623\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p><p><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062f-19\u061f<\/strong><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7274\" src=\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Image4-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"861\" height=\"646\" \/><\/p><p>\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631.<\/p><p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u201c\u0645\u064f\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u201d\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u0651\u0636 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/p><p>\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0641\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0647\u0634\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b80aea5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b80aea5\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0da839a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0da839a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<blockquote><div><span style=\"color: #004793;\"><b>\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633<\/b><\/span><\/div><\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5893bcc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5893bcc\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94cd830 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-cta-box\" data-id=\"94cd830\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-cta-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-call-to-action cta-icon-flex bg-lite cta-preset-1\">\n\t    <div class=\"icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-file-pdf\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M369.9 97.9L286 14C277 5 264.8-.1 252.1-.1H48C21.5 0 0 21.5 0 48v416c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h288c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V131.9c0-12.7-5.1-25-14.1-34zM332.1 128H256V51.9l76.1 76.1zM48 464V48h160v104c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h104v288H48zm250.2-143.7c-12.2-12-47-8.7-64.4-6.5-17.2-10.5-28.7-25-36.8-46.3 3.9-16.1 10.1-40.6 5.4-56-4.2-26.2-37.8-23.6-42.6-5.9-4.4 16.1-.4 38.5 7 67.1-10 23.9-24.9 56-35.4 74.4-20 10.3-47 26.2-51 46.2-3.3 15.8 26 55.2 76.1-31.2 22.4-7.4 46.8-16.5 68.4-20.1 18.9 10.2 41 17 55.8 17 25.5 0 28-28.2 17.5-38.7zm-198.1 77.8c5.1-13.7 24.5-29.5 30.4-35-19 30.3-30.4 35.7-30.4 35zm81.6-190.6c7.4 0 6.7 32.1 1.8 40.8-4.4-13.9-4.3-40.8-1.8-40.8zm-24.4 136.6c9.7-16.9 18-37 24.7-54.7 8.3 15.1 18.9 27.2 30.1 35.5-20.8 4.3-38.9 13.1-54.8 19.2zm131.6-5s-5 6-37.3-7.8c35.1-2.6 40.9 5.4 37.3 7.8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t    <\/div>\n\t    <div class=\"content\">\n            <h2 class=\"title\">\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629:<\/h2><p><em>\u201c<\/em><em>Les classes moyennes tunisiennes ont-elles \u00e9t\u00e9 mieux prot\u00e9g\u00e9es face \u00e0 la crise li\u00e9e \u00e0 la covid 19 ? Analyse des strat\u00e9gies adaptatives des m\u00e9nages au prisme de la stratification sociale\u201d, \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0628\u063a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 CREG\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0628\u060c CREG\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 -CERES \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 - <strong>Mondes en D\u00e9veloppement<\/strong> (2025\/1\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 53)\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 De Boeck Sup\u00e9rieur\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 Cairn.info \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/em><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t    <\/div>\n\t    <div class=\"action\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/shs.cairn.info\/revue-mondes-en-developpement-2025-1-page-75?lang=fr%20\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"cta-button  \">Lire<\/a>\t    <\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062f-19 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629\u061f \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627: \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u00bb \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10042,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1420],"tags":[1647,1649,1246,1648,935],"ppma_author":[949],"class_list":{"0":"post-10038","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-gouvernance","8":"tag-classes-moyennes","9":"tag-crise-covid-19","10":"tag-inegalites","11":"tag-protection-sociale","12":"tag-tunisie"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.3.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629\u061f - Ecotous<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649-\u0641\u064a-\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633-\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631-\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629\u061f - Ecotous\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062f-19 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629\u061f \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627: \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u00bb \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649-\u0641\u064a-\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633-\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631-\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Ecotous\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-03-07T19:12:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-05-01T17:26:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Couv-5.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"770\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"470\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Ecotous\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Ecotous\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Ecotous\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#\/schema\/person\/de0222dcb2e78b94775553548aa3f92a\"},\"headline\":\"\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629\u061f\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-03-07T19:12:47+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-05-01T17:26:10+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/\"},\"wordCount\":54,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Couv-5.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"classes moyennes\",\"crise Covid-19\",\"in\u00e9galit\u00e9s\",\"protection sociale\",\"Tunisie\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Gouvernance\"],\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/\",\"name\":\"\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629\u061f - Ecotous\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Couv-5.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-03-07T19:12:47+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-05-01T17:26:10+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Couv-5.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Couv-5.jpg\",\"width\":770,\"height\":470},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Accueil\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629\u061f\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/\",\"name\":\"Ecotous\",\"description\":\"La recherche \u00e9conomique \u00e0 la port\u00e9e de tous\u200b\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"ar\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Ecotous\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/7d52d007-peny-grow-logo.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/7d52d007-peny-grow-logo.png\",\"width\":296,\"height\":60,\"caption\":\"Ecotous\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#\/schema\/person\/de0222dcb2e78b94775553548aa3f92a\",\"name\":\"Ecotous\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/dd281a0aaad48d854ca056f1a6e11623\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/489634219_122122579514784455_22524703404732112_n.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/489634219_122122579514784455_22524703404732112_n.jpg\",\"caption\":\"Ecotous\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/membres\/ecotous\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629\u061f - Ecotous","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649-\u0641\u064a-\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633-\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631-\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\/","og_locale":"ar_AR","og_type":"article","og_title":"\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629\u061f - Ecotous","og_description":"\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062f-19 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629\u061f \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627: \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u00bb \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649-\u0641\u064a-\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633-\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631-\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\/","og_site_name":"Ecotous","article_published_time":"2026-03-07T19:12:47+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-05-01T17:26:10+00:00","og_image":[{"width":770,"height":470,"url":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Couv-5.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Ecotous","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"\u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629":"Ecotous","\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631":"5 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/"},"author":{"name":"Ecotous","@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#\/schema\/person\/de0222dcb2e78b94775553548aa3f92a"},"headline":"\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629\u061f","datePublished":"2026-03-07T19:12:47+00:00","dateModified":"2026-05-01T17:26:10+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/"},"wordCount":54,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Couv-5.jpg","keywords":["classes moyennes","crise Covid-19","in\u00e9galit\u00e9s","protection sociale","Tunisie"],"articleSection":["Gouvernance"],"inLanguage":"ar","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/","url":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/","name":"\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629\u061f - Ecotous","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Couv-5.jpg","datePublished":"2026-03-07T19:12:47+00:00","dateModified":"2026-05-01T17:26:10+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"ar","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ar","@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Couv-5.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Couv-5.jpg","width":770,"height":470},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Accueil","item":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629\u061f"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#website","url":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/","name":"Ecotous","description":"La recherche \u00e9conomique \u00e0 la port\u00e9e de tous\u200b","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"ar"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#organization","name":"Ecotous","url":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ar","@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/7d52d007-peny-grow-logo.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/7d52d007-peny-grow-logo.png","width":296,"height":60,"caption":"Ecotous"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#\/schema\/person\/de0222dcb2e78b94775553548aa3f92a","name":"Ecotous","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ar","@id":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/dd281a0aaad48d854ca056f1a6e11623","url":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/489634219_122122579514784455_22524703404732112_n.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/489634219_122122579514784455_22524703404732112_n.jpg","caption":"Ecotous"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/ecotous.tn"],"url":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/membres\/ecotous\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":949,"user_id":0,"is_guest":1,"slug":"ecotous","display_name":"Ecotous","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/?s=96&d=mm&r=g","author_category":"","first_name":"","last_name":"","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10038","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10038"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10038\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10045,"href":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10038\/revisions\/10045"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10042"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10038"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10038"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10038"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecotous.tn\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=10038"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}